For this category, a large number of different methods have been suggested that can be further divided into methods whereby lucidity is initiated from within a dream, so that the person becomes lucid during a dream ( dream-initiated lucid dreaming), and methods whereby lucidity is initiated from wakefulness, so that the person retains conscious awareness when falling asleep ( wake-initiated lucid dreaming). 25 The first category encompasses all cognitive activities that are carried out to increase the likelihood of achieving lucidity in a dream state. A plethora of strategies to induce lucid dreams have been suggested in the literature, which can be loosely classified into three broad categories: cognitive techniques, external stimulation, and miscellaneous. Since the onset of lucid dream research, possible induction techniques have always been a pertinent concern. 23,24 Sleep-specific circumstances, such as short awakening in the morning or an afternoon nap, as well as stress also can initiate the first lucid dream experience.
However, lucid dreaming also can be intentionally induced by applying various induction or relaxation techniques, by engaging with topics of dreaming and lucid dreaming, and with use of other deliberate training strategies. Quite often, lucid dreaming spontaneously emerges from nightmares, recurrent dreams, or some peculiarities within a dream. 19,21 Also, age-related differences in lucid dreaming prevalence have been recognized, with young children and adolescents reporting lucid dreams more frequently than adults. 18,19 Some differences across different populations and cultures seem to exist-for example, German students reported a much higher lucid dream frequency than Japanese students, 20,12 and even when representative population samples are surveyed, Germans report more lucid dreams than Austrians. Only one half of the general population know the phenomenon from personal experience, approximately 20% have lucid dreams on a monthly basis, and only a minority of approximately 1% have lucid dreams several times a week. Spoormaker, in Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine (Sixth Edition), 2017 Prevalence and Induction Methods Alternatively, recent evidence has been proposed to demonstrate that the increased activation of prefrontal cortex regions enables the insight characteristic of lucid dreaming (Voss et al., 2009). These lower thresholds may allow the lucid dreamer to process stimuli that identify the external world and distinguish it from the internal dream experience, thereby producing the experience of “knowing” that one is dreaming. Circadian-driven reticular formation/cortical circuits may not produce the deafferentation associated with the REM/NREM cycles, so that sensory, including proprioceptive, thresholds are lower than in earlier REM periods. The phenomenon suggests that the hallucinatory characteristic of dreamlike mentation may have a neurological basis different from that of other properties. Lucid dreams are commonly reported from the final hours of morning sleep. Opposing this hallucinatory, defining characteristic of REM dreams is the relatively infrequent phenomenon of “lucid” dreams, where by the “sleeper” reports being aware that he/she is dreaming, and in some cases is able to deliberately modify the events of his/her ongoing dream. Wamsley, in Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 2017 Lucid Dreaming These lower thresholds may allow the lucid dreamer to process stimuli that identify the external world and distinguish it from the internal dream experience, thereby producing the experience of ‘knowing’ that one is dreaming. Opposing this hallucinatory, defining characteristic of REM dreams is the relatively infrequent phenomenon of ‘lucid’ dreams, whereby the ‘sleeper’ reports being aware that he/she is dreaming, and in some cases is able to deliberately modify the events of his/her ongoing dream. Wamsley, in Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 2009 Lucid Dreaming
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